What could be included in a contract?

Everything has been included in case you need it, but a short, simple contract may work just as well for your needs. It depends on the job. At the very least, a contract should include the basics: the description of services, the payment and completion terms and a dispute resolution procedure. However, you should consider all the topics discussed, before you negotiate each contract.

Term	Purpose	Location
The Parties	Sets out the names, business information & approval of the parties to the contract.	Schedule
Description of Products, Services or Results	Provides detail about the products to be supplied, work to be done or the result that is expected.	Schedule
Payment	Sets out the method, manner and timing of payments and who pays for expenses.	Terms & Conditions
Intellectual Property	Clarifies rights to intellectual property. Note that the intellectual property (for example, copyright) for work you create belongs to you unless the contract says otherwise.	Terms & Conditions
Confidential Information	Protects information such as your profit margins, the hirer’s client lists or trade secrets.	Terms & Conditions
Indemnity	Sets out when and how the hirer can be compensated for any loss as a result of your work.	Terms & Conditions
Insurance	Clearly identifies the insurance obligations of each party.	Terms & Conditions
Subcontracting	Clarifies whether you can subcontract the work and if there are restrictions on choosing a subcontractor.	Terms & Conditions
Exclusivity Arrangement	Restricts the contractor from working for other clients during the contract period.	Terms & Conditions
Restraint of Trade	Restricts you from trading with the hirer’s clients for a specified period of time.	Terms & Conditions
Responsibility for Fixing Faulty or Incomplete Work	Sets out who has responsibility for fixing defective or incomplete work. It is common for a subcontractor to have this responsibility in the building and construction industry.	Terms & Conditions
Procedure for Settling Disputes	Sets out how the parties will handle a dispute if it arises.	Terms & Conditions
Variations	Sets out how or when the parties can vary the contract by mutual agreement.	Terms & Conditions
Contract Termination	Specifies when and how each party can end the contract and what the consequences can be in certain circumstances.	Terms & Conditions

The Parties

All written contracts should include some basic information about you the parties to the contract.

• Names & Business Addresses: Know who you are contracting with - is it a company, trustee, partnership or individual? This will be important if there is a dispute during the contract period and you need to go to court. Understanding exactly who you are contracting with will also better allow you to assess the risks of entering into the contract and to locate relevant information about the other party.
• ID Numbers: If you are required to register for taxes, the contract should include the ID Numbers of both parties.  
• Companies are assigned Identification Numbers.  
• Statement about your Status as an Independent Contractor: If the contract is for a genuine independent contracting relationship, it should state that the contractor is an independent contractor, not an employee. This may be considered relevant by a court if your status is in question because it shows what was intended when the contract was signed.
• Approval of the online contract or for manual contracts Signatures (& the Signatures of any Witnesses if required) : All parties must approve or sign where manual for the contract to be valid.

Description of Products, Services or Results

Every contract should include a description of the products to be supplied, or agreed work to be done or the result to be achieved. This should be as detailed as necessary to make it clear.

It should state:

• When the goods will be supplied or
• When the work will start and when it will be completed (specific dates)
• Where the work will be done, e.g., the business premises, your home office or another location.

Good Example

Andy will deliver training sessions in Quick Accounts software (Version 4) to 10 staff from Remus Ltd. Sessions will be held on 10 and 11 June, starting at 9:30 am, with each session lasting 3 hours. Training will be conducted at Remus Ltd, head office in Brisbane. The training services will include providing a Quick Accounts software user manual and a one-page help sheet for each trainee.

Bad Example

Andy will train Remus Ltd employees in Quick Accounts software.

Example

The required result should be stated:

Sandra will clean the offices of Remus Ltd each Saturday by 6:00 pm.

But in most cases the contract should not say how to achieve that result:

Sandra will clean the offices of Remus Ltd each Saturday by 6:00 pm. Sandra must only use cleaning equipment and products approved by the CEO of Remus Ltd, and must clean each level in the order specified in writing by the CEO each Friday.

However, despite this general rule, the type of service or expected result may make it necessary to provide some directions. For example, a builder is not simply asked to build a house but is asked to build it according to drawings and specifications. But the hirer does not tell the builder how to mix cement. The independent contractor still retains a high degree of control over the work.

Payments

The contract should set out the amount, method and timing of payments and how expenses will be handled. These are discussed in more detail below.

Method

The two most widely used methods of payment are fixed fees and hourly or daily rates. Details about how these fees are calculated should be clearly set out in the contract.

Fixed Fee: Sometimes you will be paid a single, fixed fee to perform an entire job. If the contract is long term, it may be worth including a clause in the contract that enables your fees to be reviewed if business costs increase.

Example of how a fee review clause works

Elaine has a contract with Remus Ltd for one year to distribute their products to their Clients for a fixed fee of $600 a week. Elaine must cover long distances to make these deliveries. Two months into the contract, petrol prices increase sharply, and the fixed fee no longer covers Elaine’s fuel costs each week. Elaine’s contract with Remus has a clause that enables her fee to be reviewed during the contract period. At their review meeting, Elaine and Remus agree to vary the contract to increase Elaine’s fee to $700 per week to cover the increased cost of fuel.

Hourly or Daily Rate: If you are getting paid according to the number of hours or days you work, the contract should state how many hours make up a standard working day (you may also wish to specify how many days a week you will work). It should also set out the fees that are payable for one hour’s work and/or one day’s work. Contracts that specify hourly or daily rates often require monthly payments.

 

Timing

You can set up the timing of payment under fixed-fee contracts in a number of ways:

• Full Payment When the Work is Completed: Before you agree to this, you should carefully consider whether this is appropriate for your situation. Is the contract for a long-term job (meaning you might be without payment for some time)? Will you have to pay for supplies and materials in the meantime?
• Progress Payments (Payments by Milestones, Results and/or Instalments): This means you are entitled to payment either at certain intervals throughout the contract period (for example, on certain dates) or when you have completed a particular task or achieved a particular result. The contract should clearly describe all milestones so there are no disputes about when a task is considered to be completed.

Staging Payments in the Building & Construction Industry

Part Payment Up Front, the Rest paid on Completion: This arrangement can be used to cover start-up or one-off costs for the contract such as the purchase of materials.

Example of a progress payment clause

The total fee for the services is $10,350 payable in the following instalments:

• $4,500 upon delivery of training sessions 1 & 2
• $4,500 upon delivery of training sessions 3 & 4
• $1,350 upon attendance at final feedback meeting.

The hirer will make payments within seven working days of receiving a correct invoice from the contractor.

Manner of Payment

The contract should set out:

• Whether an invoice is required in order for payment to be made
• What each invoice must contain - for example, date of invoice, your business or business name and contact details, the hirer’s business or company name, your ID Number, your invoice number, description of services or milestone achieved, expenses, payment amount and terms of payment
• The agreed timing for payment or ‘terms of payment’ - for example, within 30 days of receipt of a correct invoice (standard terms are usually 7, 14, 21 or 30 days, but this can be negotiated)
• How payment is to be made - for example, by specifying your bank account details for direct deposit.

Expenses

Expenses dealt with in a contract may include items, such as meals, travel and photocopying. The contract should specify whether the hirer:

• Will pay for your expenses while you are performing the contract
• Will provide you with supplies that are necessary for the work to be performed.

Intellectual Property

A contract may require you to create something, like a software program, a document or a plan for a house. However, the creator of intellectual property is not always the owner. The owner will have certain rights (called ‘intellectual property rights’) that will allow them to license or sell the creation. The owner may also be able to stop other people from making money out of those creations, even the creator.

As an independent contractor, you will automatically own any intellectual property in the works, articles or inventions you produce, such as copyright. If the hirer wants to own the intellectual property you create, this must be specifically outlined in the contract. It is advisable to first seek legal advice about clauses that give intellectual property rights to the hirer. 

Examples of Intellectual Property Clauses

There are two different clauses you might come across.

• Where you own the intellectual property you create:

The intellectual property rights in any materials prepared by the hirer reside with the hirer. The hirer acknowledges that the intellectual property rights in any materials prepared by the independent contractor reside with the independent contractor.

• Where the hirer owns the intellectual property you create:

The independent contractor acknowledges that intellectual property rights in all material vests or will vest with the hirer. The hirer gives the independent contractor a revocable, non-assignable and royalty-free licence to use such material.

Example

Andy is contracted to develop a software program to manage Remus Ltd’s CRM for $6,000. The contract states that the intellectual property rights in any material developed by Andy under the contract will belong to Remus Ltd. It states that Andy is provided with a licence to use the software only for the purposes of the contract.

Andy completes the task, and is very pleased with the software. If he tries to sell the software to another company, he will be in breach of the intellectual property clause in his contract with Remus Ltd. This is because the company owns the software, not Andy.

Confidential Information

If you want to retain control over your confidential information (for example, client lists, pricing information or other ‘trade secrets’), the contract should include a clause to protect that information. It can also specify the type of information that is confidential so that both parties understand exactly what needs to be protected (for example, ‘information regarding the contractor’s profit margins’).

Example of a confidentiality clause

The hirer will not, without written consent from the contractor, disclose any confidential information of the contractor to a third party. Confidential information includes profit margins and pricing information disclosed in this contract.

Indemnity

A contract may include an ‘indemnity’ clause. In an independent contracting arrangement, this is usually a promise you make to the hirer to accept the risk of loss or damage that the hirer may suffer as a result of your work. Indemnity clauses are usually about shifting risk from the hirer to the contractor. However, it may also state that you are not liable for risks or losses that the hirer has control over.

While risk is an essential consideration in all commercial contracts, you should carefully consider whether the risk you are taking on by agreeing to an indemnity clause is within your control. If it is outside your control, (for example, if the indemnity also applies to work performed by your subcontractors), you may need to get professional advice before you sign.

For people working in certain professions (such as accountants, architects, lawyers or builders), where advice and expertise are central to the performance of the contract, indemnities and indemnity insurance can be a normal part of doing business. It is important that you understand exactly what responsibility an indemnity clause imposes on you. Professional indemnity insurance is strongly advised for a contract that contains an indemnity clause.

Example

Andy develops a software program to assist Remus Ltd’s CRM. However, the software is faulty and Remus Ltd loses money when it fails to maintain correct client information. The contract contained an indemnity clause so Remus Ltd may be able to recover those losses from Andy. If Andy has professional indemnity insurance (see below), he may be covered for those losses.

Insurance

Many contracts will require you to be responsible for maintaining your own insurance. The insurance might be for professional indemnity, loss of or damage to property, public liability and workers’ compensation. The insurance obligations of each party should be clearly identified in the contract.

Even if a contract does not require you to have these insurances, it is important that you are protected in the event something goes wrong (for example, if someone is injured due to your negligence). You should make sure that any potential liabilities under a contract are covered by your insurance.

Professional Indemnity Insurance

Professional indemnity insurance is most often used by independent contractors who have expertise in a particular service. For example, engineers may take out this type of insurance to cover against their work becoming unsafe. Medical practitioners may take out cover for protection from being sued if they injure a patient.

Subcontracting

Sometimes you may need to engage a subcontractor to do a job for you or help you do a job. Be sure that you discuss the possibility of subcontracting work with the hirer and include it in the contract. Some hirers will allow you to subcontract part, but not all, of the services. The hirer may wish to specify what work may be subcontracted or place other restrictions in the contract. Alternatively, some hirers will insist that you personally do the work and not allow you to subcontract. If you do use a subcontractor, you will still be responsible for any work performed by the subcontractor. The hirer may want to specify what work may be subcontracted or place other restrictions in the contract.

Remember that if you subcontract the work, you will enter into a contract with the subcontractor as their hirer, even if it is not a written agreement. It is best to have written contracts with subcontractors for the same reasons that you have one with your hirer.

As a hirer, you will need to be aware of your obligations to the subcontractor. Depending on the particular circumstances of your relationship with the subcontractor, you may have obligations in relation to superannuation and workers’ compensation among other things.

Exclusivity Arrangement

One of the benefits of being an independent contractor is the ability to work on any number of projects for any number of clients. An ‘exclusivity’ clause restricts you from entering into contracts with other clients. You should carefully consider whether you want to agree to a clause like this. Make sure you are fairly compensated for being prevented from taking work elsewhere.

A court may not enforce an exclusivity clause that is too restrictive or unreasonable. To determine this, the court will consider factors such as whether the clause protects only the genuine interest of the hirer, the period of exclusivity and the geographic area to which the clause applies. But it’s best to have the contract clear so you don’t need a court to interpret it.

If you are offered a contract with an exclusivity clause and you can’t negotiate its removal, ensure that there is a ‘break free’ clause included in the contract. This allows you to recover some or all of your costs if the project does not go ahead or is cancelled before the work is complete. However, this requires evidence of your losses. It may be easier to agree on a payment (noting the amount) in the contract clause.

Examples of ‘Break Free’ Clauses

• Cost Recovery

Where the contractor is engaged by the hirer on an exclusive basis, and the hirer decides that the contractor’s services are no longer necessary, the contractor will be entitled to be compensated by the hirer for all reasonable costs incurred by the contractor in relation to those services until that time.

• Lump-sum Payment

Where the contractor is engaged by the hirer on an exclusive basis, and the hirer decides that the contractor’s services are no longer necessary, the hirer will compensate the contractor with a lump-sum payment of $2,000 to cover costs incurred by the contractor in relation to those services until that time.

Restraint of Trade

A ‘restraint of trade’ or ‘no poaching’ clause may be included if the hirer is concerned that you might take their clients or compete with their business during the contract period or for a period of time after the contract ends. Usually a period is specified during which you cannot trade with the hirer’s clients.

As with exclusivity clauses, a court will not enforce a restraint of trade clause that is unreasonable.

Responsibility for faulty or incomplete work

A ‘responsibility for faulty or incomplete work’ clause may be included to make clear who is responsible for fixing any faulty or incomplete work and the time frame for that responsibility. This time frame may be referred to as the ‘defects liability period’.

This type of clause is particularly common in the building and construction industry where independent contractors may use many subcontractors to complete a task or project. The clause may also provide that the hirer has to provide the contractor with a ‘notice to remedy a breach’ to give the contractor the opportunity to fix the fault or complete the work before they could seek remedies for a breach of the contract.

Example of a clause about a notice to remedy a breach

If the hirer considers that the contractor has breached this term due to the work being faulty or incomplete, the hirer must first issue the contractor with a notice to remedy a breach. This should include:

• Details of the breach
• A reasonable time to remedy the breach
• The consequences of a failure to remedy the breach.

Procedure for Settling Disputes

Business dealings don’t always run smoothly. It is therefore good practice for contracts to include a procedure for settling any disputes that may occur. Disputes could be over matters such as money, work performance or unfairness.

Variations

A ‘variation’ is simply a change to a contract that is already in place. This is common in contracts that cover a long period. For example, the price of materials may increase or the result to be achieved may change. If both parties agree to a variation, a court can enforce it. It is common for contract changes to occur verbally, but it is important that you keep written records of any changes.

If you and the hirer agree to vary a term of the contract, the variation should be put in writing and signed by both parties. The best way of documenting a variation may depend on the nature and detail of the variation - for example:

• A separate document detailing the agreed variation. This document should refer to the date of the original contract, the names of the parties involved and any other important details that will identify the original contract. It should clearly set out the agreed changes to the contract. It should be signed and dated by both you and the hirer. Copies of the variation should be attached to both copies of the original contract.
• A handwritten variation to the relevant section of your copy and the hirer’s copy of the contract. Changes should be signed or initialled and dated by both parties. This type of variation may be used if the change involves an amount or the inclusion or deletion of a few words.
• A confirmation email or letter and a response from the hirer that shows that you both agreed to the variation. This should be attached to your copy of the contract. If you work in the building and construction industry, you should first check whether there are rules about making and signing variations in your state or territory.

Variation Clauses

Contracts often contain a clause for the parties to vary the contract by mutual agreement. You should not agree to a term that allows only one party to decide to change the description of the work. Think carefully about the conditions you place on agreeing to a variation term because it can affect your costs or your ability to complete the work on time.

Ending the Contract Early

A contract can state when one party can end, or ‘terminate’, the contract, even if the contract has not been completed.